part may be reproduced without the written permission. From [125]. Controlled spin transport in graphene and other two-dimensional materials has become increasingly promising for applications in devices. The bottom schematic shows the spin precession with magnetic field applied in plane and perpendicular to the easy axis of the ferromagnets. Mod. This tunes the density of states in magnetic Fe3GeTe2. (Bottom panel) The anomalous Hall effect measurements as a function of temperature in a four layer thick Fe3GeTe2. (c) Back gate voltage dependence of spin-relaxation length in an inverted graphene spin valve. Neither your address nor the recipient's address will be used for any other purpose. (d) Corresponding Hanle spin precession signal, for parallel orientation of the contacts. Because of their purity, strength, and simplicity, two dimensional materials are the best platform where to find these unique topological features which relate quantum physics, electronics, and magnetism.". The Dirac electrons can be controlled by application of external electric and magnetic fields, or by altering sample geometry and/or topology. More information: A. Avsar et al. (b) Polar magneto-optical measurement for CrI3 showing hysteresis for a ferromagnetic monolayer (1L) and trilayer (3L), and vanishing Kerr rotation for an antiferromagnetic bilayer (2L). All rights reserved. From [104]. What are some example Feynman diagrams in Yang-Mills theory? These sensors are also used in the automotive industry. See Off-Campus Access to Physical Review for further instructions. High-quality heterostructures for spin transport. And we hope you, and your loved ones, are staying safe and healthy. Spintronic devices are a viable alternative for nanoelectronics beyond Moore's law, offering higher energy efficiency and lower dissipation as compared to conventional electronics, which relies on charge currents. From [286]. The APS Physics logo and Physics logo are trademarks of the American Physical Society. Your opinions are important to us. Electric-field-dependent spin transport in 2D-based heterostructures. *The 2010 Nobel Prize for Physics was shared by Andre K. Geim and K.S. Vertical arrows represent the polarization direction of the contacts, and lateral arrows represent the magnetic field sweep direction. The are bright dots in the conductance scan, representing the location of pinholes having conductance of 1 μS. Alternative spintronics in graphene and other 2D materials. From [21]. The Dirac electrons can be controlled by application of external electric and magnetic fields, or by altering sample geometry and/or topology. (11). Here the spin precesses on a plane perpendicular to the substrate. (Inset) Sketch of the subgap counterpropagating modes localized at the edges. Solid green dots represent the measurements taken at VBG=−15 V, with the green line being a fit revealing an anisotropy of ∼10. (Inset) Optical picture of a completed device. As such, 2D graphene rolled up in the plane is a carbon nanotube, and multilayer graphene with weak 408 Das Sarma et al. Professor Francisco Guinea who co-authored the paper said: "The field of spintronics, the properties and manipulation of spins in materials has brought to light a number of novel aspects in the behavior of solids. (b) Hanle spin precession curves for different detector magnetization directions in a graphene-MoS2 device. The bands localized at the carbon atoms sitting on top of each other appear at higher energies. From [290]. phase (2007–2009) of 2D graphene physics. For further background and review of graphene physics beyond the scope of our review, we mention in addition to the Rev. Reviews of Modern Physics™ is a trademark of the American Physical Society, registered in the United States, Canada, European Union, and Japan. A. James Clark School of Engineering Associate Professor Yanne K. Chembo (ECE/IREAP) recently published a paper in Reviews of Modern Physics, edited by the American Physical Society (APS).. (Inset) Device schematics. These phenomena include proximity-enabled spin-orbit effects, the coupling of electronic spin to light, electrical tunability, and 2D magnetism. From [273]. Solid blue and dashed red lines represent opposite helicities (the approximated spin polarization of Bloch electrons lie within the graphene plane along an axis orthogonal to their crystal momenta). Graphene is famous for its peculiar electronic properties exemplified by the Dirac point, a region in the material’s band structure where electron behavior resembles that of high-energy particles. Spin precession and a sizable signal are detectable only for VBG>0. (b) The top schematic shows the spin precession cone under an oblique magnetic field, applied in a plane that contains the easy axis of the ferromagnetic electrodes and that is perpendicular to the substrate. Exploiting spin-orbit coupling in graphene. (a) Spin transport in black phosphorus spin valves. Many researchers now find themselves working away from their institutions and, thus, may have trouble accessing the Physical Review journals. Proximity-enabled graphene-TMDC devices. The Reviews of Modern Physics is a journal of the American Physical Society. Graphene is also resistant against extrinsic impurities because its chemical bonding is very specific and consequently graphene conducts electricity better, with less energy loss, than silicon (the platform of all modern electronics). Spintronics is the combination of electronics and magnetism, at the nanoscale and could lead to next generation high-speed electronics. COVID-19 has impacted many institutions and organizations around the world, disrupting the progress of research. (a) Hanle spin precession measurement for a distance between an injector and a detector of 18 μm. (a) Carrier concentration dependence of the nonlocal resistance in weakly hydrogenated (RNLmax∼80 Ω) and pristine (RNLmax∼20 Ω) graphene, shown as red and blue lines, respectively. The tunnel barrier is a TiO2 seeded MgO layer. The journal started in paper form. Researchers can then use these materials to create stacks of 2-D materials called heterostructures. (c) Magnetotransport measurements for graphene on a WS2 substrate, showing a weak antilocalization effect. Abstract: We review the problem of electron-electron interactions in graphene. 83, No. In principle we could have phones and tablets operating with spin-based transistors and memories. Mod. (b) Schematic illustration of the conductance force microscopy setup together with the height and conductance mapping of one of the MgO/Co electrodes. ", The identification and characterisation of new quantum materials with non-trivial topological electronic and magnetic properties is being intensively studied worldwide, after the formulation, in 2004 of the concept of topological insulators. The open black dot shows data acquired in a reference graphene spin valve without WS2 and lacking any anisotropy. Note that the bands remain spin degenerate due to inversion symmetry.